Pediatric Immunization Advancement
Pannaraj Lab
In the News
In the News
"In the midst of all the confusion, parents and patients now must advocate for themselves. But we are here to help. We are here for you.
Ask your pediatricians to help you find the right answers for your child.
We are all in this together for every child and for our community."
-Dr. Pia Pannaraj
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Recent Publications:
Nicols AR, Lee Y, Congrave-Wilson Z, Kim M, Cheng WA, Jumarang J, Navarro J, Navarro R, Rodriguez-Angeles Y, Durand D, Taylor ZW, De León RG, Ochoa TJ, Sette A, da Silva Antunes R, Pannaraj PS. Peripheral rotavirus-specific T-cell responses following monovalent oral rotavirus vaccine in infants. NPJ Vaccines 2026 Mar 5;11(1):83. PMID:41786777
Leland SB, Zambrano LD, Staffa SJ, McNamara ER, Newhams MM, Halasa N, Amarin JZ, Stewart LS, Shein SL, Carroll CL, Fitzgerald JC, Michaels MG, Bline K, Cullimore ML, Loftis L, Montgomery VL, Jeyapalan AS, Pannaraj PS, Schwarz AJ, Cvijanovich NZ, Zinter MS, Maddux AB, Bembea MM, Irby K, Zerr DM, Kuebler JD, Babbitt CJ, Gaspers MG, Nofziger R, Kong M, Coates BM, Schuster JE, Gertz SJ, Mack EH, White BR, Harvey H, Hobbs CV, Dapul H, Butler AD, Bradford TT, Rowan CM, Wellnitz K, Staat MA, Aguiar CL, Hymes SR, Campbell AP, Randolph AG; Respiratory Syncytial Virus - Pediatric Intensive Care (RSV-PIC) Investigators. Assessing Clinical Improvement of Infants Hospitalized for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Critical Illness. J Infect Dis. 2025 Dec 20;232(6):1283-1291. PMID: 39812486
Domachowske J, Hamrén UW, Banu I, Baronio R, Basavaraju B, Koen A, Leach A, Mankad VS, Pannaraj PS, Soler-Palacin P, Takas T, Mori M, Villafana T; MUSIC Study Group. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Nirsevimab in Immunocompromised Children. Pediatrics. 2024 Oct 1;154(4):e2024066508. PMID: 39257380
Chwa JS, Shin Y, Lee Y, Fabrizio T, Congrave-Wilson Z, Cheng WA, Jumarang J, Kim M, Webby R, Bender JM, Pannaraj PS. SARS-CoV-2 Variants May Affect Saliva RT-PCR Assay Sensitivity. J Appl Lab Med. 2024 Nov 4;9(6):927-937. PMID: 39246012
Parker RS, Le J, Villa M, Luong A, Lin TY, Lee Y, Doan A, Aguayo-Hiraldo P, Pannaraj PS, Yoon SJ, Wallace WD, Armstrong A, O'Gorman MR, Bard JD, Parekh C. COVID-19 vaccinated children, adolescents, and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia show spike reactive antibodies and multifunctional T-cells. Int J Cancer. 2024 Dec 15;155(12):2190-2200. PMID: 39005114
Chwa JS, Kim M, Lee Y, Cheng WA, Shin Y, Jumarang J, Bender JM, Pannaraj PS. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Secretory IgA and Neutralizing Antibodies in Nasal Secretions of Exposed Seronegative Individuals. Viruses 2024;16(6):852. PMID: 38932145
Domachowske J, Hamrén UW, Banu I, Baronio R, Basavaraju B, Koen A, Leach A, Mankad VS, Pannaraj PS, Soler-Palacin P, Takas T, Mori M, Villafana T; MUSIC Study Group. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Nirsevimab in Immunocompromised Children. Pediatrics. 2024 Oct 1;154(4):e2024066508. PMID: 39257380
Chwa JS, Shin Y, Lee Y, Fabrizio T, Congrave-Wilson Z, Cheng WA, Jumarang J, Kim M, Webby R, Bender JM, Pannaraj PS. SARS-CoV-2 Variants May Affect Saliva RT-PCR Assay Sensitivity. J Appl Lab Med. 2024 Sep 9. Online ahead of print. PMID: 39246012
Parker RS, Le J, Villa M, Luong A, Lin TY, Lee Y, Doan A, Aguayo-Hiraldo P, Pannaraj PS, Yoon SJ, Wallace WD, Armstrong A, O'Gorman MR, Bard JD, Parekh C. COVID-19 vaccinated children, adolescents, and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia show spike reactive antibodies and multifunctional T-cells. Int J Cancer. 2024 Jul 15. Online ahead of print. PMID: 39005114
Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Simeone RM, Payne AB, Wu M, Orzel-Lockwood AO, Halasa NB, Calixte JM, Pannaraj PS, …Campbell AP, Randolph AG. Durability of Original Monovalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness Against COVID-19 Omicron–Associated Hospitalization in Children and Adolescents — United States, 2021–2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:330–338. PMID: 38635481
Rowan CM, LaBere B, Young CC, …Campbell AP, Randolph AG, Chou J; Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators. Pre-existing Immunocompromising Conditions and Outcomes of Acute COVID-19 Patients Admitted for Pediatric Intensive Care. Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 11 Online ahead of print. PMID: 38465976
Kim M, Cheng WA, Congrave-Wilson Z, Ruiz CJM, Turner L, Mendieta S, Jumarang J, Del Valle J, Lee Y, Fabrizio T, Allen EK, Thomas PG, Webby R, Gordon A, Pannaraj PS. Comparisons of Pediatric and Adult SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies up to 6 Months after Infection, Vaccination, or Hybrid Immunity. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2024 Jan 29;13(1):91-99. PMID: 38016076
Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Simeone RM, Fleming-Dutra KE, Halasa N, Wu M, Orzel-Lockwood AO, Kamidani S, Pannaraj PS, … Campbell AP, Randolph AG; Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators. Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Vaccine-Eligible US Children Under-5 Years Hospitalized for Acute COVID-19 in a National Network. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2024 Mar 1;43(3):242-249. PMID: 38145397
Simeone RM, Zambrano LD, Halasa NB, Fleming-Dutra KE, Newhams MM, Wu MJ, Orzel-Lockwood AO, Kamidani S, Pannaraj PS, …Campbell AP, Randolph AG; Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators. Effectiveness of Maternal mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy Against COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations in Infants Aged <6 Months During SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Predominance - 20 States, March 9, 2022-May 31, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Sep 29;72(39):1057-1064. PMID: 37874864
Halasa N, Zambrano LD, Amarin JZ, Stewart LS, Newhams MM, Levy ER, Shein SL, Carroll CL, Fitzgerald JC, Michaels MG, Bline K, Cullimore ML, Loftis L, Montgomery VL, Jeyapalan AS, Pannaraj PS, … Randolph AG, Campbell AP; RSV-PIC Investigators. Infants Admitted to US Intensive Care Units for RSV Infection During the 2022 Seasonal Peak. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Aug 1;6(8):e2328950. PMID: 37581884
Congrave-Wilson Z, Kim M, Sutherland A, Jumarang J, Lee Y, Del Valle J, Cheng WA, da Silva Antunes R, Pannaraj PS. Effect of wash media type during PBMC isolation on downstream characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specificT cells. J Immunol Methods. 2023 Jun 29. 2023 Aug;519:113520. PMID: 37390890
Habel JR, Chua BY, Kedzierski L, Selva KJ, Damelang T, Haycroft ER, Nguyen TH, Koay HF, Nicholson S, McQuilten HA, Jia X, Allen LF, Hensen L, Zhang W, van de Sandt CE, Neil JA, Pragastis K, Lau JS, Jumarang J, Allen EK, Amanant F, Krammer F, Wragg KM, Juno JA, Wheatley AK, Tan HX, Pell G, Walker S, Audsley J, Reynaldi A, Thevarajan I, Denholm JT, Subbarao K, Davenport MP, Hogarth PM, Godfrey DI, Cheng AC, Tong SY, Bond K, Williamson DA, McMahon JH, Thomas PG, Pannaraj PS, James F, Holmes NE, Smibert OC, Trubiano JA, Gordon CL, Chung AW, Whitehead CL, Kent SJ, Lappas M, Rowntree LC, Kedzierska K. Immune profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy reveals NK cell and γδ T cell perturbations. JCI Insight. 2023 Apr 10;8(7):e167157. PMID: 37036008
Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Olson SM, Halasa NB, Price AM, …Pannaraj PS, Cameron MA, Walker TC, Schwartz SP, Michelson KN, Coates BM, Flori HR, Mack EH, Smallcomb L, Gertz SJ, Bhumbra SS, Bradford TT, Levy ER, Kong M, Irby K, Cvijanovich NZ, Zinter MS, Bowens C, Crandall H, Hume JR, Patel MM, Campbell AP, Randolph AG. Risk Factors for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Case-Control Investigation. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2023 Apr 7. Online ahead of print. PMID: 37000922
Hookham L*, Lee HC*, Patel DA*, Coelho M, Giglio N, Le Doare K, Pannaraj PS. Vaccinating Children against SARS-CoV-2: A Literature Review and Survey of International Experts to Assess Safety, Efficacy and Perceptions of Vaccine Use in Children. Vaccines. 2023; 11(1):78. PMID: 36679923
Schiff J*, Schmidt AR, Pham PK, Perez J, Pannaraj PS. Chaudhari PP, Liberman DB. Parental Attitudes in the Pediatric Emergency Department about the COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccine 2022 Nov 28;40(50):7328-7334. PMID: 36344362
Sahni LC, Price AM, Olson SM, Newhams MM, Pannaraj PS, …, Randolph AG, Patel MM, Boom JA. Factors associated with COVID-19 non-vaccination in adolescents hospitalized without COVID-19. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2022 Oct 30 [Online ahead of print]. PMID: 36309873
Zambrano LD, Newhams MM, Olson SM, Halasa NB, Price AM, …Pannaraj PS, Cameron MA, Walker TC, Schwartz SP, Michelson KN, Coates BM, Flori HR, Mack EH, Smallcomb L, Gertz SJ, Bhumbra SS, Bradford TT, Levy ER, Kong M, Irby K, Cvijanovich NZ, Zinter MS, Bowens C, Crandall H, Hume JR, Patel MM, Campbell AP, Randolph AG. BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Against COVID-19 is Associated with Decreased Likelihood of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children Ages 5-18 Years. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Aug 4. PMID: 35924406
Rowntree LC, Nguyen TH, Kedzierski L, Neeland MR, Petersen J, Crawford JC, Allen LF, Clemens EB, Chau B, McQuilten HA, Minervina AA, Pogorelyy MV, Chaurasia P, Tan HX, Wheatley AK, Jia X, Amanat F, Krammer F, Allen EK, Sonda S, Flanagan KL, Jumarang J, Pannaraj PS, Licciardi PV, Kent SJ, Bond KA, Williamson DA, Rossjohn J, Thomas PG, Tosif S, Crawford NW, van de Sandt CE, Kedzierska K. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory with common TCRαβ motifs is established in unvaccinated children who seroconvert after infection. Immunity, 2022 Jul 12;55(7):1299-1315.e4. PMID: 35750048
Parker R*, Le J, Doan A, Aguiyo-Hiraldo P, Pannaraj PS, O’Gorman M, Dien-Bard J, Parekh C. COVID-19 in children, adolescents and young adults with cancer. Int J Cancer. 2022 Jul 6; 151(11):1913-1924. PMID: 35793239
Congrave-Wilson Z*, Cheng WA*, Lee Y, Perez S, Turner L, Marentes Ruiz CJ, Mendieta S, Skura A, Jumarang J, Del Valle J, Kubale J, Gordon A, Allen EK, Thomas PG, Pannaraj PS. Twelve-Month Longitudinal Serology in SARS-CoV-2 Naïve and Experienced Vaccine Recipients and Unvaccinated COVID-19-Infected Individuals Vaccines 2022;10(5):813. PMID: 35632569
Pannaraj PS, Costa-Martins AG, Cerini C, Li F, Wong SS, Webby RJ, Singh Y, Urbanski AH, Gonzalez-Dias P, Yang J, Nakaya H, Aldrovandi GM. Molecular alterations in human milk in simulated maternal nasal mucosal infection with live attenuated influenza vaccination. Mucosal Immunol 2022;15(5):1040-1047. PMID: 35739193
Bender JM, Lee Y, Cheng W, Marentes Ruiz CJ, Pannaraj PS. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Booster Effects Are Seen in Human Milk Antibody Response. Front Nutr. 2022; 9:898849. PMID: 35685893
Perez S, Luna Centeno LD, Cheng W, Marentes Ruiz CJ, Congrave-Wilson Z, Powell R, Stellwagen L, Pannaraj PS. Human Milk SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies up to 6 Months After Vaccination. Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2022:e2021054260. PMID: 34981122
Tanaka ML, Marentes Ruiz CJ, Malhotra S, Turner L, Peralta A, Lee Y, Jumarang J, Perez S, Dien Bard J, Gordon A, Allen EK, Thomas PG, Pannaraj PS. SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Dynamics in Households With Children, Los Angeles, California. Front Pediatr. 2022; 9:752993. PMID: 35071125
Pannaraj PS, Congrave-Wilson Z, Lee Y. Saliva RT-PCR Sensitivity Over the Course of SARS-COV-2 Infection-Reply. JAMA. 2022; 327(2):183-184. PMID: 35015041
Rowntree LC, Nguyen TH, Kedzierski L, Neeland MR, Petersen J, Crawford JC, Allen LF, Clemens EB, Chau B, McQuilten HA, Minervina AA, Pogorelyy MV, Chaurasia P, Tan HX, Wheatley AK, Jia X, Amanat F, Krammer F, Allen EK, Sonda S, Flanagan KL, Jumarang J, Pannaraj PS, Licciardi PV, Kent SJ, Bond KA, Williamson DA, Rossjohn J, Thomas PG, Tosif S, Crawford NW, van de Sandt CE, Kedzierska K. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory with common TCRαβ motifs is established in unvaccinated children who seroconvert after infection. Immunity, 2022; 55(7):1299-1315.e4. PMID: 35750048
Schiff J*, Schmidt AR, Pham PK, Perez J, Pannaraj PS. Chaudhari PP, Liberman DB. Parental attitudes in the pediatric emergency department about the COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccine 2022 Oct 31 [online ahead of print]. PMID: 36344362.
Sahni LC, Price AM, Olson SM, Newhams MM, Pannaraj PS, ... Randolph AG, Patel MM, Boom JA. Factors associated with COVID-19 non-vaccination in adolescents hospitalized without COVID-19. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. 2022 Oct 30 [Online ahead of print]. PMID: 36309873
Halasa NB, Olson SM, Staat MA, Newhams MM, Price AM, Pannaraj PS, ... Campbell AP, Randolph AG, Patel MM; Overcoming Covid-19 Investigators. Maternal Vaccination and Risk of Hospitalization for Covid-19 among Infants. N Eng J Med, 2022; 387(2):109-119. PMID: 35731908
Parker R*, Le J, Doan A, Aguiyo-Hiraldo P, Pannaraj PS, O’Gorman M, Dien-Bard J, Parekh C. COVID-19 outcomes in children, adolescents and young adults with cancer. Int J Cancer. 2022; 151(11):1913-1924. PMID: 35793239
Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, Price AM, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Pannaraj PS, ... Zambrano LD, Campbell AP, Patel MM, Randolph AG; Overcoming Covid-19 Investigators. Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA Vaccination Against COVID-19 Hospitalization Among Persons Aged 12-18 Years - United States, June-September 2021. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386(8):713-723. PMID: 35021004
Price AM, Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Pannaraj PS, ... Zambrano LD, Campbell AP, Patel MM, Randolph AG; Overcoming Covid-19 Investigators. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Critical Covid-19 in Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386(20):1899-1909. PMID: 35353976.
Cheng WA, Turner L, Marentes Ruiz CJ, Tanaka ML, Congrave-Wilson Z, Lee Y, Jumarang J, Perez S, Peralta A, Pannaraj PS. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 differ by age and obesity status. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021 Oct 19. Online ahead of print. PMID: 34668322.
Congrave-Wilson Z, Lee Y, Jumarang J, Perez S, Bender J, Dien Bard J, Pannaraj PS. Change in Saliva RT-PCR Sensitivity Over the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA 2021 Sep 21;326(11):1065-1067. PMID 34387653.
Haq H, Msekandiana A, Matshaba M, Thahane LK, Watts J, Tam RP, St Clair NE, Schubert CJ, Rule ARL, Pannaraj PS, Pitt MB, Oleson DS, Murray B, Morris LE, Mendoza JC, McHenry MS, Keating EM, Ferrer K, Crouse HL, Condurache T, Batra M, Barnes AE, Conway JH. Global health electives in the COVID-19 era: resuming travel and strengthening global health academic partnerships. International Journal of Medical Education, 2022 May 31;13:143-147. PMID: 35642478
Clemente S, Kaplan SL, Barson WJ, Lin PL, Romero JR, Bradley JS, Tan TQ, Pannaraj PS, Givner LB, and Hultén KG. Decrease in Pediatric Invasive Pneumococcal Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Pediatr Dis Soc. 2022 Jun 22 [online ahead of print].
Truong T, Ryutov A, Pandey U, Yee R, Goldberg L, Bhojwani D, Aguayo-Hiraldo P, Pinsky B, Pekosz A, Shen L, Boyd SD, Wirz OF, Roltgen K, Bootwalla M, Maglinte DR, Ostrow D, Ruble D, Han JH, Biegel JA, Li M, Huang CH, Sahoo MK, Pannaraj PS, O’Gorman M, Judkins AR, Gai X, Dien Bard J. Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection and increasing viral variants in children and young adults with impaired humoral immunity. EBioMedicine 2021.
Ten-Caten F, Gonzalez-Dias P, Castro I, Ogava R, Giddaluru J, Silva JCS, Martins F, Goncalves ANA, Costa-Martins AG, Araujo JD, Viegas AC, Cunha FQ, Farsky S, Bozza FA, Levin AS, Pannaraj PS, de Silva TI, Minoprio P Andrade BB, da Silva FP, Hakaya HI. In-depth analysis of laboratory parameters reveals the interplay between sex, age, and systemic inflammation in individuals with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Apr; 105:579-587. PMID: 33713813
Yee R, Truong T, Pannaraj PS, Eubanks N, Gai E, Jumarang J, Turner L, Peralta A, Lee Y, Bard JD. Saliva Is a Promising Alternative Specimen for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Children and Adults. J Clin Micro, 2021 Jan 21;59(2):e02686-20. PMID: 33330129
Badarch, J, Harding J, Dickinson E, Azen C, Ong H, Hunter S, Pannaraj PS, Szepesi B, Sereenendorj T, Davaa S, Ochir C, Warburton D, Readhead C. Winter Air Pollution from Domestic Coal Fired Heating in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Is Strongly Associated with a Major Seasonal Cyclic Decrease in Successful Fecundity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 9;18(5):2750. PMID: 33803108
Malhotra S*, Masood I, Giglio N, Pruetz JD, Pannaraj PS.Current knowledge of Chagas-related heart disease among pediatric cardiologists in the United States. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021 Mar 2. PMID 33653275
Fernandez L, Pannaraj PS, Rautava S, Rodriguez J. The Microbiota of the Human Mammary Ecosystem. Frontiers Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Nov 20. PMID: 33330129
Kordy K, Gaufin T, Mwangi M, Li F, Cerini C, Lee DJ, Adisetiyo H, Woodward C, Pannaraj PS, Tobin NH, Aldrovandi GM. Contributions to human breast milk microbiome and enteromammary transfer of Bifidobacterium breve. PLOS One PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0219633. PMID: 31990909
Mohandas S and Pannaraj PS. Beyond the Bacterial Microbiome: Virome of Human Milk and Effects on the Developing Infant. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser 2020; 94:86-93. PMID: 32200373
Thatrimontrichai A, Pannaraj PS, Janjindamai W, Dissaneevate S, Maneenil G, Apisarnthanarak A. Intervention to reduce carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 2020. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 32131902
Anderson EJ, DeVincenzo JP, Simoes EAF, Krilov LR, Forbes ML, Pannaraj PS, Espinosa CM, Williver RC, Wolkoff LI, Yogev R, Checchia PA, Domachowske JB, Halasa N, McBride SJ, Kumar VR, McLaurin KK, Rizzo CP, Ambrose CS. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease: Immunoprophylaxis Policy Review and Public Health Concerns in Preterm and Young Infants. Am J Perinatol. 2020 Mar;37(4):421-429. PMID: 30991438
Pokrzywinski RM, Swett LL, Pannaraj PS, Yi J, Pavilack MS, Kumar VR, McLaurin KK, Leidy NK.Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Confirmed Hospitalizations on Caregivers of US Preterm Infants. Clin Pediatrics 2019 Jul;58(8):837-850. PMID: 31007050
Bender JM, Li F, Purswani H, Capretz T, Cerini C, Zabih S, Hung L, Francis N, Chin S, Pannaraj PS & Aldrovandi GM. Early exposure to antibiotics in the neonatal intensive care unit alters the taxonomic and functional infant gut microbiome, J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019. [Epub ahead of print].
Chaudhari PP, Monuteaux MC, Pannaraj PS, Khemani RG, Bachur RG. Age-Stratified Risk of Critical Illness in Young Children Presenting to the Emergency Department with Influenza. J Pediatr 2019 Dec;215:132-138.e2. PMID: 31561954
Ho N, Li F, Lee-Sarwar K, Tun H, Brown B, Pannaraj P, Bender J, Azad M, Thompson A, Weiss S, Azcarate-Peril MA, Litonjua A, Kozyrskyj A, Jaspan H, Aldrovandi G, Kuhn L. Meta-analysis of effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota across populations. Nature Communications. 2018; 9(1):4169. PMID: 30301893
Pannaraj PS, Ly M, Cerini C, Saavedra M, Aldrovandi GM, Saboory A, Johnson K, Pride DT. Shared and Distinct Features of Human Milk and Infant Stool Viromes. Frontiers Microbiol. 2018; 9:1162. PMID: 29910789
Pannaraj, PS, Li F, Cerini C, Bender J, Yang S, Rollie A, Adisetiyo H, Zabih S, Lincez PJ, Bittinger K, Bailey A, Bushman FD, Sleasman DJ, Aldrovandi GM. Association Between Breast Milk Bacterial Communities and Establishment and Development of the Infant Gut Microbiome. JAMA Pediatr. 2017; 171(7):647-654. PMID: 28492938